Solid State Relay Primer

Introduction

Solid state relays (SSRs) are devices that can be used to control the power being supplied to other devices. They are turned on by applying a DC signal to the input contacts.

Functionally, they are the same as Mechanical Relays, but have the following advantages:

• SSRs produce less electromagnetic interference during operation, as opposed to mechanical relays whose internal contacts tend to spark when switching.
• While the switch contacts of a mechanical relay will eventually wear down from sparking, an SSR will have a longer life because its internals are purely digital.
• SSRs exhibit faster response times than mechanical relays (≈1ms compared to ≈10ms).
• SSRs are less susceptible to electric shock and physical vibrations than mechanical relays.
• Since the switch inside an SSR isn't a mechanical switch, it does not suffer from contact bounce, and operates silently.

Of course, since SSRs are more complex, they are more expensive to produce and will dissipate more energy (1-2% of the energy intended to power the load).

How it Works

The two inputs are connected internally to an optocoupler. An optocoupler is a circuit component that uses an LED and a light sensitive element to link two parts of a circuit without directly connecting them electrically. The light sensor is connected to the transistors which open and close the path that supplies the relay's load with power.

Choosing an SSR

There many different types of SSRs, and you need to know what kind your application needs before deciding on one.

Current Type

Some SSRs are designed to switch AC current, some switch DC current, and others can switch both.

Large "Hockey Puck" type SSRs are usually built for large loads and are often AC or DC specific.

Small, versatile ones that can switch either current are designed for lower current and voltage.

Make sure you check your SSR's data sheet to ensure that it can switch the type of current your load is using.

Application Load

Be sure to choose an SSR that can handle the current and voltage requirements of the application you're switching. This is often more complicated than making sure the rated currents and voltages match, since some devices can have quick surges of current on startup.

For example, if you're using an SSR to switch a motor, you should ensure that the SSR is rated for at least six times the operating current of the motor because of the inevitable surges. Fluorescent lights have been known to pull up to eighteen times the normal rated current when the filament is cold and the light is switched on. Make sure the SSR can handle the maximum surge value of your application, not just the usual operating current.

Talk about transformers

Heat Dissipation

Check your SSR's data sheet to get an idea of the amount of heat it will be generating based on your application's load. If the SSR cannot be mounted on a surface that is suitable for conducting away the heat, you should use a heatsink.

Noise Protection

Some AC relays will typically have built-in noise protection in the form of a "snubber". A snubber is a simple RC circuit that will absorb small transients and will protect against unintentional turn-on.

For large transients and highly inductive loads, additional protection is necessary. A simple way to do this is to add a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) across the load terminals.

Zero-cross Turn-on vs. Random Turn-on

The above graphs depict the difference between zero-cross and random turn-on. The blue line represents the oscillating voltage of an AC load, and the shaded areas represent the sections when the relay is turned on and letting current pass through. As you can see, the random turn-on SSR immediately opens when activated, while the zero-cross turn-on SSR waits until the voltage crosses zero before opening.

AC SSRs are designed to either have have a zero-cross turn-on or a random turn-on characteristic. The type you should choose is determined by the nature of the load you're switching. If you're switching a DC load, you can ignore this section.

Zero-cross Turn-on

An SSR with this feature will only switch on when the proper voltage is applied to the input terminals and when the output voltage is near zero. This is ideal for applications with resistive loads or systems that want to avoid sharp voltage changes.

The relay will turn off when the input voltage is close to zero and the load current is near zero.

Random Turn-on

An SSR with this feature will immediately switch on when the proper voltage is applied to the input terminals, regardless of what voltage the output terminals are at. This is ideal for applications with inductive loads, since using a zero-cross turn-on SSR with an inductive load could cause the relay to stay on indefinitely.

The relay will turn off when the input voltage is close to zero and the load current is near zero.

Safety

Since relays can switch high currents and voltages, they can be potentially quite hazardous. Make sure you never touch the terminals while the relay is powered, and use the plastic cover if the relay came with one.

Also ensure the terminal screws are tightened properly, as loose screws could cause excess heat to be generated.